Viral vectors, such as Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, Lentiviral (LV) vectors, Adenovirus (Ad) vectors, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) vectors, Vaccinia virus (VACV) vectors have diverse applications, spanning from direct in vivo gene delivery in genetic therapies to in vitro transduction for gene-modified cell therapies like CAR-T, and even in oncolytic applications.